None floss software essay

However, this result should not be taken very seriously; the hardware that Linux ran on was more powerful than that of the runner-up Windows For more information, see the TPC results. Remember, in benchmarking, everything depends on the configuration and assumptions that you make.

Scalability Which brings us to the topic of scalability, a simple term with multiple meanings all having to with either growing to large size, or being able to cover both small and large sizes.

The large problems might include those needing hardware platforms with extremely high performance, massive storage, or a massive amount of software to do the job. The small sizes might include personal digital assistants PDAs. More recent data from November shows this as an increasing trend. If anything, it will only enlarge its prevalence. This system is based on Linux, and is only a quarter of its eventual planned size. Indeed, IBM plans for the Blue Gene family to eventually perform a quadrillion calculations per second one petaflop.

The Internet Archive crawls and archives the entire World Wide Web, including old versions of documents, subject to certain restrictions. They note that as of they archive approximately 1 petabyte of data one million gigabytes , growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month. As of June they are changing their machine architecture, by adding an additional 1.

Here FLOSS is unbeatable; because many people can identify scalability problems, and because its source code can be optimized for its platform, the scalability of many FLOSS products is amazing. Windows CE scales down to smaller platforms, but Windows simply does not scale up to the largest computing systems.

Windows used to run on other platforms such as the Alpha chips , but in practical terms, Windows is used and supported almost exclusively on x86 systems. Many Unix systems such as Solaris scale well to specific large platforms, but not as well to distributed or small platforms. FLOSS development processes can scale to develop large software systems.

What hobbyist can put three man-years into programming, finding all bugs, documenting his product, and distribute it for free? For Red Hat Linux 6. For Red Hat Linux 7. By October , Sourceforge. Security Quantitatively measuring security is very difficult. However, here are a number of attempts to do so, and they suggest that FLOSS is often superior to proprietary systems, at least in some cases. But for most of those who study the question, the issue of whether or not FLOSS improves or reduces security appears to be an increasingly settled issue.

However, this exposure and the associated risk of using the system can now be determined publicly. With closed source systems the perceived exposure may appear to be low, while the actual exposure Moreover, because the source is open In the long run, openness of the source will increase its security Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants; electric light the most efficient policeman.

Which means OSS security is not a myth. In this report, the author examined the NIST National Vulnerability Database, selected 17 packages, and found that by this measure, "open source and closed source software do not significantly differ in terms of the severity of vulnerabilities, the type of development of vulnerability disclosure over time, and vendors' patching behavior. Although open source software development seems to prevent "extremely bad" patching behavior, overall there is no empirical evidence that the particular type of software development is the primary driver of security.

Rather, the policy of the particular vendor determines the patching behavior. The paper reports that " So on average, OSS had nearly half as many unpatched vulnerabilities I agree with the author, though, that whether or not something was unpatched depended far more on the supplier than on OSS vs. Even more interestingly, the OSS vulnerabilities tended to be significantly less severe: "When we determine the medians of medians of open source software 5.

Applying the same test to the proportion figures, the test, again, does not indicate that the samples are significantly different at the 0. Indeed, if consumers or business partners lost trust in a company, the resulting loss might be much greater than the original attack. However, insurance companies that insure against cracking can require that they get such information as a condition of coverage , and can compute future premiums based on that knowledge. According to Cnet, Okemos, Mich.

Most defaced web sites are hosted by Windows, and Windows sites are disproportionately defaced more often than explained by its market share. Another way to look at security is to look at the OS used by defaced web sites, and compare them to their market share. Historically, this information was maintained by Attrition. Of course, not all sites are broken through their web server and OS - many are broken through exposed passwords, bad web application programming, and so on.

But if this is so, why is there such a big difference in the number of defacements based on the OS? No doubt some other reasons could be put forward this data only shows a correlation not a cause , but this certainly suggests that FLOSS can have better security. However, defaced.

Their recent reports show that this trend has continued; on July 12, , they report that Red Hat Linux Enterprise did very well over a two-year period; the default install was only vulnerable to 3 critical flaws. Over this time it released security advisories, but this figure is very misleading, because that ignores severity and assumes a system has installed every available package which is neither default nor likely. A default install of Enterprise Linux 4 AS was only vulnerable to 3 critical flaws.

The system intentionally includes many mechanisms to prevent unknown vulnerabilities from being exploitable, or at least to reduce their impact. On the other hand, he's a technologist, not a marketer; he's developed software for many projects. Unpatched Linux systems last longer than unpatched Windows systems, according to a combination of studies from the Honeynet Project, AOL, and others. Unpatched Windows systems continue to be compromised far more quickly, sometimes within minutes.

This data on Windows compromise is consistent with other studies. Avantgarde found that Windows did not last long, and one unpatched Windows XP system pre-SP2 only lasted 4 minutes on the Internet before it was compromised. Note, however, that users who install Windows Service Pack 2 have much less risk than previous versions of Windows.

It could be argued that because there are so many Windows systems, attackers tend to focus on Windows. However, Apache shows that merely having the largest market share does not automatically make a system the most vulnerable. In any case, there are good reasons to reduce use of a system if it is so easily subverted, regardless of the reasons, if there is an alternative. In a contest where the first successful attacker got the computer and prize money , Vista and MacOS fell but Linux stayed up.

You need to take these contests with grains of salt, but still, that is pretty interesting. One approach to examining security is to use a vulnerability database; an analysis of one database is the Bugtraq Vulnerability Database Statistics page. Some vulnerabilities are more important than others some may provide little if exploited or only be vulnerable in unlikely circumstances , and some vulnerabilities are being actively exploited while others have already been fixed before exploitation.

For example, Red Hat 7. In addition, in the open source world, vulnerabilities are discussed publicly, so vulnerabilities may be identified for software still in development e. Those with small market shares are likely to have less analysis. It could be argued that its smaller number of vulnerabilities is because of its rarer deployment, but the simplest explanation is that OpenBSD has focused strongly on security - and achieved it better than the rest.

This data is partly of interest because various reporters make the same mistake: counting the same vulnerability multiple times. In , another journalist James Middleton made the same mistake , apparently not learning from prior work.

Middleton counted the same Linux vulnerability up to four times. The September 30, VNUnet. The same vulnerability in five distributions will count as five separate vulnerabilities.

This practice drastically overstates the number of reported Linux problems. Linux vulnerabilities include those in applications i. PostgreSQL which are not part of a standard Windows system. Most Linux vulnerabilities are found through code audits and similar efforts; they are patched and reported before any exploits happen. Any Windows bugs found through similar audits are fixed silently and do not appear in these counts.

Indeed, assuming that the vulnerabilities were only counted three times and thus dividing by only 3 would show Linux as having a better result, never mind the fact that there are more than 3 Linux distributions and the other factors noted by Linux Weekly News.

As noted above, typical Linux distributions bundle many applications that are separately purchased from Microsoft. Another data point is that SecurityPortal has compiled a list of the time it takes for vendors to respond to vulnerabilities. They concluded that: How did our contestants [fare]?

Red Hat had the best score, with recess days on 31 advisories, for an average of Microsoft had recess days on 61 advisories, averaging Sun proved itself to be very slow, although having only 8 advisories it accumulated recess days, a whopping three months to fix each bug on average.

Red Hat was the fastest at fixing security problems, and placed in the middle of these three in number of vulnerabilities. This article can be paraphrased as follows: In June , a serious flaw was found in the Apache Web server; the Apache Software Foundation made a patch available two days after the Web server hole was announced. In contrast, a serious flaw was found in Windows XP that made it possible to delete files on a system using a URL; Microsoft quietly fixed this problem in Windows XP Service Pack 1 without notifying users of the problem.

A more direct comparison can be seen in how Microsoft and the KDE Project responded to an SSL Secure Sockets Layer vulnerability that made the Internet Explorer and Konqueror browsers, respectively, potential tools for stealing data such as credit card information.

Later that week, Microsoft posted a memo on its TechNet site basically downplaying the problem. Yet the day before August 17 , an eWeek article revealed that Oracle waited 8 months to fix a vulnerability.

And Microsoft waited 9 months to fix a critical IE vulnerability and only fixed it after it was being actively exploited in Proprietary vendors are certainly not winning prizes for reliably and rapidly fixing security vulnerabilities. This problem continues. Gregg Keizer's November 19, article, "Microsoft DNS bug long known, familiar to researchers: Problem goes back at least a decade, say security pros" notes a delay of over 10 years in Microsoft's patches.

This was a "spoofing flaw that could be exploited by identity thieves or malware authors to silently redirect users from intended Web destinations to malicious pretenders.

I count 5 bulletins on such highly dangerous vulnerabilities for IIS 5. The Code Red worm, for example, exploited a vast number of IIS sites through the vulnerabilities identified in the June security bulletin MS In short, by totaling the number of reports of dangerous vulnerabilities that allow attackers to execute arbitrary code , I find a total of 8 bulletins for IIS from June through June , while Apache had zero such vulnerabilities for that time period.

As was noted above, the last such dangerous vulnerability in Apache itself was announced in January In contrast, Apache is installed with very few privileges by default, so even taking over Apache gives attackers relatively few privileges. For example, cracking Apache does not give attackers the right to modify or erase most files. This is still not good, of course, and an attacker may be able to find another vulnerability to give them unlimited access, but an Apache system presents more challenges to an attacker than IIS.

Simple vulnerability notice counts are an inadequate metric for security. Indeed, these vulnerability counts are corroborated by other measures such as the web site defacement rates. Indeed, in Microsoft admitted that it silently fixes multiple vulnerabilities in patches without revealing what the other vulnerabilities are , and that That means that Microsoft's vulnerability counts, as posted to the public, are significantly smaller than the real vulnerability counts. FLOSS, due to its open nature, often can't hide problems that way.

What's worse, in Microsoft also admitted that Microsoft has left unpatched many more publicly-known vulnerabilities in Vista ; Microsoft only patched 12 out of 27 disclosed Vista vulnerabilities in the six months after it first shipped November , while during Windows XP's first six months, Microsoft's security team patched 36 out of IIS was attacked 1, times more frequently than Apache in , and Windows was attacked more than all versions of Unix.

IIS was attacked 17 million times, but Apache was attacked only 12, times. This is a stunning comparison, since there are about twice as many Apache systems on the Internet. In , Windows systems were attacked 31 million times, while Unix systems were attacked 22 million times. See the article for more information. Although those Web servers have required some security patches, they have much better security records than IIS and are not under active attack by the vast number of virus and worm writers.

To be fair, Gartner correctly noted that the problem is not just that IIS has vulnerabilities; part of the problem is that enterprises using IIS are not keeping their IT security up to date, and Gartner openly wondered why this was the case.

A brief aside is in order here. Microsoft IIS is twice as likely to be serving malware features, according to a Google study. This does not necessarily mean that IIS is more vulnerable though the data listed elsewhere does support that hypothesis , particularly because it varies by country. Instead, the authors of this study suspect that is caused because "automatic updates have not been enabled due to software piracy piracy statistics from NationMaster, and BSA , and second, some security patches are not available for pirated copies of Microsoft operating systems.

Stream exploit is not available to pirated copies of Windows operating systems. Some security vulnerabilities are more important than others, for a variety of reasons. Thus, 4 of 6 issues are high-impact vulnerabilities are specific to Microsoft, 1 of 6 are vulnerabilities primarily affecting Unix-like systems including FLOSS OSes , and 1 of 6 is a general notice about scanning. I sampled its top ten list on December 19, ; this top ten list is defined by the number of requests made for a vulnerability in ICAT and including only vulnerabilities within the last year.

In this case, 8 of the top 10 vulnerabilities only affect proprietary systems in all cases, Windows. An analysis of security reports by Nicholas Petreley found that a much larger percentage of Windows vulnerabilities are critical compared to Red Hat Linux. These settings make the Internet Explorer browser nearly useless to the server administrator who wants to perform any browser-based administrative tasks, download updates, etc.

To lower the severity rank based on the assumption that Windows Server users will leave these default settings as they are is a fantasy, at best. He also did some analysis of the CERT database; while that analysis was more limited, that still suggested that Linux vulnerabilities tended to be less severe.

His design argument makes four statements: Linux-based systems are based on a long history of well fleshed-out multi-user design, they are modular by design not monolithic , they are not constrained by an RPC model that unnecessarily enables external control of internal functions , and Linux servers are ideally designed for headless non-local administration. Computer viruses are overwhelmingly more prevalent on Windows than any other system.

Virus infection has been a major cost to users of Microsoft Windows. Here is what they said: The numbers differ in detail, but all sources agree that computer viruses are overwhelmingly more prevalent on Windows than any other system. There are about 60, viruses known for Windows, 40 or so for the Macintosh, about 5 for commercial Unix versions, and perhaps 40 for Linux. Most of the Windows viruses are not important, but many hundreds have caused widespread damage.

Two or three of the Macintosh viruses were widespread enough to be of importance. None of the Unix or Linux viruses became widespread - most were confined to the laboratory.

Many have noted that one reason Windows is attacked more often is simply because there are so many Windows systems in use. Windows is an attractive target for virus writers simply because it is in such widespread use. For a virus to spread, it must transmit itself to other susceptible computers; on average, each infection must cause at least one more. The ubiquity of Windows machines makes it easier for this threshold to be reached.

This is absolutely wrong, and in most countries illegal. At this point, although this has been speculated many times, I have not found any evidence that this is a widespread motivator for actual attacks. On the other hand, if you are choosing products, do you really want to choose the product whom people may have a vendetta against?

A simpler explanation, and one that is easily proven, is that Microsoft has made many design choices over many years in their products that have rendered them fundamentally less secure, and this has made their products a much easier target than many other systems. Examples include executing start-up macros in Word even though users routinely view documents developed by untrustworthy sources , executing attachments in Outlook, and the lack of write protection on system directories in Windows 3.

This may be because Microsoft has assumed in the past that customers will buy their products whether or not Microsoft secures them. This is a problem made worse because Microsoft plans to require people to call Microsoft to gain permission simply to reinstall the operating system they bought.

It appears that FLOSS developers tend to select design choices that limit the damage of viruses, probably in part because their code is subject to public inspection and comment and ridicule, if deserving of it. For example, FLOSS programs generally do not support attacker-controlled start-up macros, nor do they usually support easy execution of mail attachments from attackers. FLOSS systems are not immune to malicious code, but they are certainly more resistant. Trojans and worms with backdoor components turn infected PCs into drones in vast networks of compromised zombie PCs.

Sandvine identified subscribers bypassing their home mail servers and contacting many mail servers within a short period of time over sustained periods - i. It also looked at SMTP error messages returned to clarify the total volume of spam. Indeed, since almost all successful trojans and worms are those that attack Windows systems, it appears that this problem is essentially due to Windows systems. America Online, Inc. Microsoft has had far more vulnerabilities than anyone else, according to SecurityTracker.

They identified vulnerability reports, covering products from vendors. Their analysis found that Microsoft had more vulnerabilities than anyone else , or The next largest were Sun 42, 2. It can be argued that Microsoft sells more kinds of software than most other vendors, but this is nevertheless an astonishingly large number of vulnerabilities.

The gap between Microsoft and everyone else widened during the second half of the year, which is even scarier. In late June , the U.

Microsoft had failed to patch a critical vulnerability for 9 months, and IE was being actively exploited in horrendous ways. This was a good idea, since 4 more serious IE vulnerabilities were soon admitted, and the technologically savvy began to switch in droves to FLOSS browsers.

The U. CERT warned that the Microsoft browser IE cannot protect against vulnerabilities, and there were dangerous active attacks exploiting them. The IE users who visited those sites who legitimately trusted these sites would have their IE program exploited, which then compromised their system. As a result, many IE users had keystroke information stolen from them.

Nine months is a shamefully long time; days is the expected time by most security practitioners, since every day a known exploit is unfixed is another day that attackers can exploit it, and attackers often know and exploit attacks that the vendor claims are secret. This is long after Microsoft loudly announced in that it would pay much more attention to security; certainly in this case users were left unprotected for a long time.

Clearly Microsoft admits that long delays in security patches are a bad thing, but it nevertheless still commits them. CERT took the unusual step of noting that a useful solution would be to stop using IE and use another program instead. More importantly, users of FLOSS programs can always fund to have a repair created and implemented quickly if it is important to them, and can have that fix reviewed and shared with others worldwide.

Proprietary users have no such options; proprietary users are completely dependent on the proprietary vendor for making any emergency repairs, and for more reacting more responsibly than this. Downloads of Mozilla and Firefox browsers hit an all-time high on July 1, , from the usual , or so downloads on a normal day to more than , in one day. Even the U. CERT notes that IE includes many design decisions that make it an especially easy web browser to exploit ; and all of them are true for IE and not problems for Firefox, except for the fact that both use graphical user interfaces.

In contrast, every change made to Mozilla applications is first peer reviewed by at least two engineers who are familiar with the code and overall architecture of the system before the new code is allowed into the product. The product then goes through automated tests and evaluations, and then Mozilla users and the development community are invited to review the impact of each change by downloading the test builds that are produced two or three times a day.

All source code is available for review by anyone. This problem was so significant that it was noted in many different media and technology analysis sites. Netcraft suggested that this may mean that the browser wars will recommence. Some people now perceive Internet Explorer and Internet Banking as a potentially lethal cocktail that must not be mixed, with insiders in the banking industry urging their families to switch if not operating systems, then at least browsers, while conversely some Internet banking customers have adapted to the threat by forgoing convenience and moving funds back into accounts which require traditional telephone and fax instructions.

The phishing threats and the growing professional chorus of disapproval for Internet Explorer provide Windows users with very good reasons to turn elsewhere, even if only temporarily.

As if to prove the point of how differently security vulnerabilities are handled, a vulnerability was found soon after that affected Mozilla and Firefox when running on Windows though it was actually another Windows vulnerability. In contrast with IE, the security fix was delivered extremely rapidly. The initial notice of this vulnerability was on July 7, it was fixed the same day, and the configuration change was released to all in one day - with no known compromises to any system.

The Mozilla project has more information about the security issue , and you can even read the detailed discussions between the finders and developers. The problem is the Windows maintains a registry of secure programs that accept URLs, but the list provided by Microsoft includes an application known to be insecure the shell: URL.

And it appears that Mozilla is continuing to be proactive in its security; they have already added new features to make attacks against the browser even more difficult. After all that, on July 13, , Secunia reported four more extremely critical vulnerabilities in IE. The only solutions at the time were to disable active scripting or use another product.

All of this has convinced me; in my essay on how to secure Microsoft Windows for home and small business users , I suggest switching from IE to Firefox, and from Outlook to something else ; too many people both myself and others have observed that simply replacing these two programs greatly reduces the number of security problems in the real world.

According to Symantec Corp. In addition, the Internet Explorer flaws also took longer to fix -- an average of 43 days, compared to 26 days for Mozilla browsers which presumably includes Firefox. In all previous reports, the total number of Mozilla vulnerabilies was lower than IE. The bad news is that this March report reports that in this period there were more total vulnerabilities though fewer high severity ones in Mozilla-based browsers than in IE. There are 13 vulnerabilities affecting Internet Explorer, compared to 21 vulnerabilities affecting the Mozilla and Mozilla Firefox browsers during the survey period.

Symantec was encouraged that the security vulnerabilities, where found in Firefox, were at least less likely to be of high severity. The good? This latest study found that 25 vendor-confirmed vulnerabilities were disclosed for the Mozilla browsers during the first half of 18 were high severity ; during the same period, 13 vendor-confirmed vulnerabilities were disclosed for IE eight were high severity.

But wait -- there was a major caveat that made the headline misleading. CNet examined data from security monitoring company Secunia to see what that meant, and found that there are 19 security issues that Microsoft still has to deal with for Internet Explorer, while there are only three for Firefox.

Internet Explorer is definitely not better than Mozilla-based browsers once you include the vulnerabilities the vendor has not yet fixed. Mozilla also noted that IE tended to have more serious vulnerabilities. CNet themselves note that Microsoft generally releases patches only on a monthly basis, which is more than 6 days. There are still 25 unfixed vulnerabilities, including 6 that were marked as moderately critical, 1 that was marked as highly critical, and 1 that was marked as extremely critical.

There are still 4 unfixed vulnerabilities, including 1 that was marked as moderately critical. All reported vulnerabilities have since been fixed. There were only 7 days in that Internet Explorer was safe from known yet unstoppable remote attacks. Phel using it to install a backdoor. Mozilla and the family including Firefox, Netscape Navigator and the Camino browsers has the shortest attack window of opportunity.

Note that in several cases, the time between the report and fix was one day or less. At no time were any vulnerabilities being actively exploited, as far as anyone knows. Likewise, there were at least 98 days last year in which no software fixes from Microsoft were available to fix IE flaws that criminals were actively using to steal personal and financial data from users In TechWeb. They also observed if running the program required a user to actively agree a practice naive users often unfortunately do or if the program could install and run without being permitted to do so.

During their most recent crawl on October , 1. In contrast, only 0. Proprietary vendor Microsoft took three times as long on average to fix critical flaws in its Windows software than FLOSS Mozilla took to fix critical flaws in its software, according to analysis by Brian Krebs. Microsoft took days on average to release patches for security problems in ; Mozilla averaged 37 days.

Even with an outlier included, Mozilla did much better on average than Microsoft. Mozilla took an average of about 37 days to issue patches for critical security problems in its products over a 3-year period. In general it did much better; one-third of its critical security updates were within less than 10 days of being notified.

In , that time frame shot up to The data certainly proves that Microsoft does fix problems released under full disclosure more quickly. Note that this 46 day value is still longer than the average Mozilla repair time for reports that were usually private.

It may be that security researchers trust that Mozilla will usually respond quickly to private vulnerability reports -- with good reason, given their typical response times. And in contrast, they may not trust Microsoft to respond quickly to private vulnerability reports -- and unfortunately, the data suggests that they have reason to believe that. Their primary interest was in the whether or not publicly announcing a vulnerability sped up its repair it does. In their evaluation, Network Computing set up demonstration systems with 17 of the most common and critical vulnerabilities; they then used the various network scanning tools to see how effectively each of the tools detected these vulnerabilities.

Sadly, not one product detected all vulnerabilities; the best scanner was the FLOSS program Nessus Security Scanner, which found 15 of the 17 which also received their top total score ; the next best was a proprietary scanner which only found Still, this evaluation suggests that an organization will be more secure, not less secure, by using an FLOSS program.

Information Systems Journal, Vol. In it, Payne first summarizes the various arguments made for and against open source software. He discusses some of the arguments that FLOSS is more secure, in particular, claims that the process of peer review improves security, FLOSS flexibility and freedom is a significant aid e.

He also discusses some of the arguments made against FLOSS, such as claims that that vulnerabilities are harder for attackers to find in proprietary programs since the source code is not available , and that there are flaws in the peer review argument e.

But Payne goes beyond a mere summary of arguments, and actually works to try to gather quantitative data to measure the effect of these alternative approaches. Payne devised a scoring system for measuring security features, measuring reported security vulnerabilities, and then rolling those two factors into a final score. OpenBSD also had the highest score for those features.

Solaris, the proprietary system, had the largest number of vulnerabilities. The final rolled-up score is quite intriguing: of the three systems, the proprietary system had the worst security by this rolled-up measure. And the author certainly does not take the view that any FLOSS program is automatically more secure than any proprietary alternative.

Still, this data suggests that FLOSS programs can be more secure than their competing proprietary products. A BZ Research survey of 6, software development managers shows Linux superior to Windows for operating system security attacks, and FLOSS was in most categories considered equal or better at the application layer. A BZ Research survey of 6, software development managers reported in April asked about the security of different popular enterprise operating environments; FLOSS did very well.

Below are some of the results; the margin of error for the survey is 2. Note that this is merely a survey of opinions. Opinions can, of course, be quite wrong; measurements of products are often better than measurements of opinions. Still, opinion polls of large numbers of people who would have every reason to know the facts should not be ignored.

And some reports come from sources whose reliability is widely questioned. On November 2, , mi2g reported on successful digital breaches against permanently connected computers worldwide. That result sounds mixed, but digging deeper it turns out that this ranking is artificial, based on artificial definitions. Their default definition for a security breach only included manual attacks and ignored malware viruses, worms, and Trojans.

Yet malware is one of the dominant security problems for Windows users, and only Windows users! After all, why bother with a manual attack when completely automated attacks against broad collections of computers will do more?

But while these results are interesting, there are significant problems in interpreting what these results actually mean : Ignoring malware in the main report is hard to justify, though to be fair the report does clearly state this assumption and explains how the results would change with a different definition.

Checking the source mi2g yields decidedly mixed reports, too. However, The Register , the full disclosure mailing list , attrition. Many of these reports suggest that these figures are made up, and cannot be relied on at all. Hopefully in the future I can gain a better understanding of the situation; I know nothing more than what I reference above.

One serious problem in making secure software is that there are strong economic disincentives for proprietary vendors to make their software secure. Governments have other disincentives as well. For example, FLOSS source code is public, so the difference in security is far more visible than in proprietary products. One of the most dangerous security problems with proprietary software is that if intentionally malicious code is snuck into it, such code is extremely difficult to find. In contrast, malicious code can be found by anyone when the source code is publicly available, and with FLOSS, there are incentives for arbitrary people to review it such as to add new features or perform a security review of a product they intend to use.

This vulnerability stayed in the product for at least 6 years - no one else could review the product, and Borland had no incentive to remove the vulnerability. Once this problem was found by open source developers reviewing the code, it was patched quickly.

The problem, however, is that this is impossible to disprove. Many essays blend elements of both the thesis-supported and informal essays. The Empire State College rationale essay, for example, defends a thesis such as, "My degree program answers my personal, professional, and educational goals and follows ESC's general and disciplinary guidelines for the academic degree I am seeking.

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